Silicone scar treatment preparation

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is 1) a method for greatly increasing the solubility of useful actives in siloxane matrix-forming preparations, and 2) the associated preparations, themselves. Volatilizing coagents are utilized to give novel gels containing heretofore siloxane-insoluble additives.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/548,899 filed on Jul. 13, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/487,489 filed Jun. 18, 2009, the entiretyof which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Lacerations and other wounds which compromise the integrity of the skinare common enough that most people have experienced them, from themundane, such as a skinned knee, to the life-threatening, such as a stabwound or a serious burn. Many breaks to the skin raise the possibilityof disfigurement through scarring.

The development of scar tissue is a defensive response to an injury inthat it repairs a breach in the skin, eliminating a site of potentialinfection and reinjury. However, the rampant formation of scar tissuecan result in a tough dermal surface lacking the color or consistency ofthe surrounding skin. Because the flexibility and elasticity of scartissue differs from that of natural skin, scar tissue can ultimatelylimit the lives of those who are affected. Scar tissue is generallytougher than the skin tissue in the surrounding area. This is especiallytrue of scar tissue where the skin is subjected to deformation andelastic stresses, such as on or behind the knee or elbow. Such areas canbe subject to tear at the skin/scar tissue border. Scar tissue,particularly new scars, covering areas having natural grooves tofacilitate bending, such as the lines on the palms of the hands, areoften weak at these flex lines. Stretching caused by opening and closingthe hand can rupture the scar tissue at these natural grooves, resultingin an accumulation of scar tissue on either side of the groove, causingnewly formed tissue in the groove even to have even greatersusceptibility to tearing with hand motion. In general, the naturaltopography of a wound site can increase the likelihood of retearing,resulting in long healing times.

The lack of flexibility and suppleness of scar tissue is complicated bythe fact that scarred areas can become naturally contracted during andafter formation as the scar becomes thick, leathery, and inelastic. As aresult, the motion of those who have extensive skin injury, such as burnvictims, can be severely restricted. A severely burned hand can becomefrozen in a grasp. Scar tissue due to burns around the waist can preventtorsional motions that most people take for granted.

Some preparations for treating wounds are formulated to have a positiveeffect on the properties of the scar tissue formed during healing. Forexample, some wound dressings have functions such as reducing wounddrying and preventing ultraviolet light exposure. Such formulations canprevent repeated cracking and drying, resulting in, among other things,the formation of scar tissue having improved flexibility, elasticity andcolor characteristics relative to scar tissue formed in the absence ofthe formulation.

Some formulations are made of strictly organic materials, such as gels.Gels have properties which make them suitable as wound dressings. Theycan cool wounds by contacting them directly, yet keep them free fromcontamination. Another useful property of gels is their consistency:many gels are similar to skin in elasticity and deformability, and theycan bend, bunch and stretch with the skin and tissue surfaces to whichthey are attached without causing tearing or stress at the site of thehealing wound.

However, gels can dry out rapidly with time, break down structurallyand/or chemically, and they generally must be reapplied, which can be apainful process for the patient, especially if the consistency of thedressing has become stiff due to drying. Some gels can absorb moisture,developing a soft or liquid consistency. Once the gel consistency hasbeen compromised, the potential for bacterial infection increases.

Siloxane gels have been found to be generally superior to other types ofgel products in the treatment of wounds and scar tissue. Siloxane gelsfunction by forming a silicone-based polymer matrix over a wound site.Polymer precursors, such as dimethicone, dimethicone crosspolymer, andother siloxanes, are contained in a spreadable preparation which isapplied to a wound site. Some polymer precursor formulations includefumed silica. The preparation also contains a volatile component whichbegins to evaporate upon the application of the preparation to a woundsite. The polymer matrix begins to form upon the evaporation of volatilecompounds from the spreadable preparation. The preparations are, in manycases, thixotropic, particularly if the formulation contains fumedsilica. Thixotropic formulations change from a stiff consistency to afluid-like consistency upon the application of stress, such asapplication to a wound, and revert to a stiffer, less fluid consistencyonce the stress is removed. This property gives siloxane gel precursorformulations the ability to spread easily into a relatively thin layerover a wound and remain in place without oozing away from the woundsite, all with a minimum of stress and shear at the wound site.

Another advantage of siloxane gels is that some have been shown to havea beneficial effect on the properties of scar tissue as it is beingformed, diminishing the degree of scarring and improving the texture ofscar tissue that does form, such that the ultimate appearance of thehealed wound is more like surrounding skin. For instance, some siloxanepreparations, when applied to developing or newly formed scar tissue,have demonstrated the ability to cause excellent fading, and even neardisappearance of the scar with constant application.

Unlike other spreadable preparations on the market for aiding in thehealing of wounds, once a degree of polymerization has taken place toform the siloxane polymer matrix, the resultant gel generally has theability to retain its consistency over time. Furthermore, the unappliedproduct can be easier to store and use than other types of gels becauseit can be applied as siloxane polymer matrix precursors which do not“set” until after application.

Because siloxane gels have such beneficial effects upon developing scartissue, it is desirable that such a preparation also have the ability toinclude additives which impart additional useful functions to the gel.For example, while the foregoing silicone-based formulations demonstratesuperior scar reduction properties, developing scar tissue issusceptible to change in color and/or texture, as well as other types ofdamage, such as thermal damage, upon exposure to ultraviolet and otherwavelengths of radiation. It is thus desirable to incorporate sunscreening compounds into the formulation which will be retained uponmatrix formation. Furthermore, burns and other injuries which are bestserved by the topical application of gels can continue to be verypainful, even after the wound has begun to scar over. However, theapplication of the matrix forming preparation can prevent the topicalapplication of pain relievers: unlike bandage-type coverings, mosttopical gels cannot be simply lifted and resituated. It can thusdesirable that matrix forming preparations comprise at least one painalleviating compound.

Unfortunately, the use of siloxane matrix precursors has severelylimited the variety of additives which can be included in silicone wounddressings. Many desirable additives are not readily solvated in the mixof matrix precursors, such as dimethicone and other siloxanes whichcomprise the spreadable preparation. For example, many effective andcommonly used sunscreen additives, such as, for example, Octocrylene,Octinoxate, Octisalate and Oxybenzone may not sufficiently dissolve inthe pre-polymerized preparation. Other examples of desirable additiveshaving poor solubility in the pre-polymerization preparation includecortisone-type compounds which reduce pain and inflammation, such as,for example, Hydrocortisone acetate.

A method exploiting the advantages of siloxane matrix-forming woundpreparations, yet allowing the inclusion of otherwise insolubleadditives in silicone wound dressing formulations would be welcomed as asignificant advance in the art of wound dressing preparation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It has been found, surprisingly, that the use of certain volatilecoagents (in addition to the volatile component) with certain actives,which are otherwise of limited or no solubility in the matrixprecursors, enables the incorporation of the actives into a siliconematrix. This is all the more surprising in that the complex whichenables the incorporation of the active into the forming matrix actuallyretains a good degree of volatility, even though complexed with theactive, and even though it would be expected that the developing matrixwould hinder the ability of the complexed coagent to evaporate.Surprisingly, the volatile coagent is not incorporated within the matrixwith the active. Instead, the insoluble active, which is insoluble inthe matrix precursors without the coagent, remains incorporated withinthe matrix during its formation, even though the volatile coagent doesnot remain complexed to the active, but disjoins and is lost toevaporation. Even more surprising, the active can have mobility withinthe matrix resulting in the ability to migrate through the gel to thewound site, as evidenced by the effectiveness of analgesic additives.Furthermore, it would be expected that the vapor pressure of thevolatile coagent would be reduced upon complexing with the active, andby being incorporated, with the active, within the developing siloxanematrix. Yet it retains sufficient vapor pressure such that it canevaporate away cleanly. The use of volatile coagents, such as thoseidentified herein, permits the incorporation of diverse additive typesinto silicone matrix-forming formulations. The present invention enablesthe incorporation of insoluble actives into a mixture of siliconprecursors, greatly extending the usefulness of siloxane gel woundhealing technology.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1—Drying test results. The lowest, middle and highest curvesgraphically depict the drying results of the sunscreen, analgesic andcontrol gels respectively.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Siloxane Matrix Precursors

The matrix forming composition of the present invention comprisessiloxane matrix precursors, a volatile component, an active component,and a volatile coagent. The volatile component and volatile coagentpartially or fully evaporate from the composition once the compositionis applied to a wound or scar site, leaving behind 1) components whichparticipate in matrix formation as well as 2) one or more activecomponents which reside in the matrix. Generally, the components whichparticipate in the matrix formation are one or more siloxanes, one ormore of which have organic characteristics, i.e., comprising organiccomponents, such as bearing hydrocarbyl groups. Preferred arepolydimethylsiloxanes such as dimethicone and dimethicone cross polymer.A polymer matrix can be formed with the use of other polydimethylsiloxanes instead of or in addition to dimethicone and dimethiconecrosspolymer. In particular, it is believed that polymerizationinvolving other polysiloxanes, and in particular, otherdialkylpolysiloxanes, can form a matrix exhibiting the advantages of thepresent invention when used with the volatile components, volatilecoagents and actives listed below. Such matrices are within the ambit ofthe present invention. The fumed silica gives the prepolymerizedcomposition a thixotropic consistency. Fumed silica also participatesstructurally in the gel, but its contribution to or participation in thepolymerization process, if any, is unclear. Provided that a volatilecomponent is present, the matrix precursors in the preparation generallycan be stored at room temperature (25 K) for extended periods of time,such as 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 months or even longer without undergoingsignificant polymerization. It is preferred that the matrix precursorscomprise a crosspolymer component, such as dimethicone crosspolymer, aswell as dimethicone. In some embodiments, the siloxane component ispresent in weight percentages in the range of from about 25 to 60 wt %.In preferred embodiments, the siloxane component is present in the rangeof from 30 to 50 wt %. In more preferred embodiments, the siloxanecomponent is present in amounts in the range of from about 35 to 45 wt%. The preferred siloxane component is dimethicone. The cross polymercomponent is preferably present in amounts in the range of from about0.5 to about 8 wt %, and more preferably in the range of from about 1.5to 5 wt %.

Volatile Component

The composition of the present invention comprises a volatile component(distinguished from volatile coagent, discussed below). The volatilecomponent generally begins to vaporize upon application of thecomposition to the wound site. In some embodiments, the formation of thesiloxane matrix can begin immediately upon commencement of evaporation,proceeding with further evaporation. In other embodiments, the siloxanematrix begins to form appreciably at some time during the evaporation ofthe volatile component, with only negligible formation prior to thetime. In preferred embodiments, the volatile component has limited or noparticipation in polymerization, but readily solvates or dissolves inthe matrix precursors. Preferred examples are volatile siloxanecompounds which have little or no participation as reactants in siloxanepolymerization. For example, cyclic siloxanes generally exhibit goodsolvation and volatility characteristics in siloxanes, and theirparticipation in matrix formation is generally relatively low due to thefact that all silane oxygen atoms are unavailable for polymerization.More preferred is a cyclopentasiloxane which bears constituentscomprising hydrogen or hydrocarbyl groups of less than four carbonatoms. Constituents comprising hydrogen or hydrocarbyl groups of onecarbon atom are most preferred. Preferred amounts of volatile componentare in the range of from about 12 to about 45 wt %. More preferred areamounts in the range of from about 15 to 28 wt %, most preferred areamounts in the range of from about 20 to 25 wt %.

The volatile component is preferably present in amounts such that thevolatile component is more than 50 percent evaporated after 15 minutesat one or more temperatures in the range of from about 30 to 40 C.

In general, the volatile component functions such that upon its partialor entire evaporation, the polymer matrix begins to form. Thus, in someembodiments, the presence of the volatile can act to fully or partiallyinhibit the polymerization process, such that upon beginning tovolatilize, the rate of polymerization increases. In general, thecomposition of the present invention is not limited to the compoundsspecifically described above, but broadly comprises compounds which canbe used in relative amounts such that they fully or partially inhibitthe formation of the siloxane matrix prior to wound application, butbegin to evaporate upon the application of the preparation to a wound,having fully or partially evaporated by the completion of siloxanematrix formation. In some embodiments, the volatile componentevaporation plateaus with time prior to complete evaporation. In otherembodiments, the evaporation of the volatile component continues afterthe siloxane matrix is completely formed. It is preferable that thevolatile component evaporate to within less than 5% of its originalweight (storage concentration) within 3 hours, but in some embodiments,the volatile evaporates to within greater than 10, 20 and 30% of itsoriginal weight within 3 hours. In some embodiments, the weight percentof the volatile component concentration prior to use and during storageis in the range of from about 5 to about 40%. In other embodiments, theweight percent of the volatile component concentration prior to use andduring storage is in the range of from about 15 to about 35%, Inpreferred embodiments, the volatile component concentration prior to useand during storage is in the range of from about 18 to about 30%.

Actives and Volatile Coagent

The wound healing preparation of the present invention comprises avolatile coagent. Without desiring to be bound by theory, it is thoughtthat the volatile coagent aids in solvating the active in the matrixprecursors. It has been found that certain compounds which function asvolatile coagents with certain actives have the ability to volatilizeappreciably despite the facts that they are chemically associated withthe active which is surrounded by a growing matrix, and which itself isnot ultimately volatilized.

Many common ultraviolet absorbers are not readily soluble in solutionscomprising siloxane matrix precursors. However, it has been found thatmany ultraviolet absorbers can be solvated in siloxane matrix precursorsolutions in the presence of myristate esters. For example, well knownEscalol ultraviolet absorbers, having the following diverse structurescan be introduced into siloxane matrices:

Octocrylene (ISP Escalol 597):

Octinoxate (ISP Escalol 557):

Octisalate (ISP Escalol 587):

Oxybenzone (ISP Escalol 567):

In one embodiment, the active is an ultraviolet absorbing compoundcomprising at least one aromatic ring. In a more preferred embodimentthe active comprises one or more Escalol compounds, available from ISPChemicals, and the volatile coagent is an ester of 1) a linear acidhaving a carbon chain length in the range of from about 6 to 13 carbonatoms and 2) methanol, ethanol, or a secondary alcohol having a totalcarbon content in the range of from about 3 to about 8 carbon atoms. Ina more preferred embodiment, the volatile coagent is a myristate esterof methanol, ethanol, or a secondary alcohol having a total carboncontent in the range of from about 3 to about 8 carbon atoms, and theactive is an Escalol compound. In a yet more preferred embodiment, thevolatile coagent is isopropyl myristate, and the active is Octocrylene(ISP Escalol 597), Octinoxate (ISP Escalol 557), Octisalate (ISP Escalol587), or Oxybenzone (ISP Escalol 567). The sunscreen active or activespresent in the formulation can be present in a combined amount in therange of from about 5 to 40 wt %, with amounts in the range of from 15to 35 wt % being more preferable. In some embodiments, the sunscreenactives are present in amounts in the range of from 25 to 30 wt %.

In general, the volatile coagent preferably comprises an ester of 1) alinear acid having a carbon chain length in the range of from about 6 to13 carbon atoms and 2) methanol, ethanol, or a secondary alcohol havinga total carbon content in the range of from about 3 to about 8 carbonatoms; and more preferably isopropyl myristate; a glycol comprised of alinear chain of three or more carbons and one or more hydroxyl groups;and wherein all hydroxyl groups are on adjacent carbons including an endcarbon; and more preferably pentylene glycol; or a substituted orunsubstituted isosorbide; and preferably Dimethyl isosorbide.

Many common anti-inflammatory compounds are based on the steroidcompound structure. It has been found that some steroids having lowsolubility in solutions of siloxane matrix precursors can be solvated insiloxane matrix precursor solutions in the presence of glycol and/orisosorbide compounds.

In one embodiment, the active is a steroid compound, and the volatilecoagent is a glycol comprised of a linear chain of three or more carbonsand one or more hydroxyl groups; and wherein all hydroxyl groups are onadjacent carbons including an end carbon. In a more preferredembodiment, the volatile coagent is a glycol comprised of a linear chainof from about 3 to 7 carbons and two hydroxyl groups, one attached toeach terminal carbon, and the active is a steroid compound. In a yetmore preferred embodiment, the volatile coagent is pentylene glycol, andthe active is dihydrocortisone acetate.

In one embodiment, the active is a steroid compound, and the volatilecoagent comprises a substituted or unsubstituted isosorbide. In a morepreferred embodiment, the active is a cortisone, and the volatilecoagent comprises a disubstituted isosorbide. In a yet more preferredembodiment, the volatile coagent is dimethyl isosorbide and the activeis dihydrocortisone acetate.

In one embodiment, the active is a hydrocortisone compound and activescomprising both a glycol compound and an isosorbide compound are used.In a preferred compound, the active is Hydrocortisone acetate.

The steroid compound is preferably present in an amount which is in therange of from 0.1 to 8 wt %. More preferred is an amount in the range offrom about 0.5 to 3 wt %.

The glycol and the isosorbide are present in amounts in the range offrom 5 to 40 wt % percent (combined weight, if both are present). Inpreferred embodiments, both are present, each in amounts in the range offrom 5 to 50 wt %. In other embodiments, the glycol and the isosorbideare present in amounts in the range of from 0 to 15 wt %, with a totalweight % in the range of from 10 to 25.

It should be noted that the glycol and isosorbide components can be usedwith sunscreen actives instead of isopropyl myristate if a deeperpenetration is desired.

The composition of the present invention can be prepared by mixingtogether the matrix precursors such as, for example, fumed silica,dimethicone and dimethicone cross polymer; and the volatile component,such as, for example, cyclopentasiloxane. The foregoing compounds can bemixed together to form a siloxane base. The active component isgenerally mixed with the volatile coagent to form a mixture which isadded to the siloxane base before introducing it into the balance of thecomposition. In one embodiment, the base contains onlycyclopentasiloxane and dimethicone crosspolymer. The mixture is thencombined with the base. In general, it is desirable to premix the activewith the volatile coagent. However, in some cases, it can be permissibleto combine the volatile coagent with all ingredients except the active,adding the active to the preparation in a final step.

EXAMPLE 1 30 SPF Sunscreen Scar Gel

Scar Gel with 10.0% Octocrylene, 7.5% Octinoxate, 5.0% Octisalate, 6.0%Oxybenzone, 8.0% isopropyl myristate, 36% dimethicone, 3.5% fumedsilica, 2% dimethicone crosspolymer and 22% cyclopentasiloxane. Allpercentages wt/wt. Octocrylene, Octinoxate, Octisalate and Oxybenzoneprovide UVA and UVB resistance. They were premixed with isopropylmyristate. The mixture was added to a combination of cyclopentasiloxaneand dimethicone crosspolymer. Fumed silica was added next to the overallmixture using a high-shear mixing process (an eductor). The dimethiconeis added last, and the mixture is mixed until homogeneous, resulting ina viscous, opaque gel, with no lumps or visible separation. Theformulation has an SPF rating of 30 or higher. A drying test wasperformed (time take to reach a constant weight) (see FIG. 1), and theformulation dried in essentially the same amount of time as theformulation in the absence of the Octocrylene, Octinoxate, Octisalate,Oxybenzone and isopropyl myristate (control formulation). The additionof the sunscreen additives does not appreciably slow the drying of theformulation.

EXAMPLE 2 Hydrocortisone Acetate Scar Gel

Scar Gel with 1.0% hydrocortisone acetate, 5.0% propylene glycol, 8.0%dimethyl isosorbide, 12.0% pentylene glycol, 45.0% dimethicone, 3.0%fumed silica, 2.0% dimethicone crosspolymer, and 24.0%cyclopentasiloxane. All percentages are wt/wt. The hydrocortisoneacetate was pre-mixed into the pentylene glycol, dimethyl isosorbide andpropylene glycol and warmed slightly to obtain good mixing before addingto a main batch. The main batch was prepared using a high-shear mixingapparatus (an eductor). No lumps or visible particles were observed. Theresulting batch was uniform and slightly opaque. A drying test wasperformed (see FIG. 1), and the formulation dried in essentially thesame amount of time as the formulation in the absence of thedihydrocortisone acetate, propylene glycol and dimethyl isosorbide(control formulation). The addition of the pain/itch reliever does notappreciably slow the drying of the formulation.

EXAMPLE 3 Experimental Details of the Drying Tests “30 SPF SunscreenSilicone Scar Gel” Details

The “30 SPF Sunscreen Silicone Scar Gel,” described in Example 1, above,contains the ingredients of the Control Formula Scar Gel” with theaddition of the following FDA approved sunscreen actives: 10.0%Octocrylene, 7.5% Octinoxate, 5.0% Octisalate and 6.0% Oxybenzone. Also,8.0% of Isopropyl Myristate, an emollient ester, was added as adispersing agent.

“1% Hydrocortisone Acetate Silicone Scar Gel” Details

The “1% Hydrocortisone Acetate Silicone Scar Gel,” described in Example2, above, contains the ingredients of the Control Formula Scar Gel” withthe addition of 1% w/w of Hydrocortisone Acetate, an FDA approvedanti-inflammatory agent. Also, 5.0% of Propylene Glycol (a humectant andskin conditioning agent) and 10.0% of Dimethyl Isosorbide, a solventwhich is a dimethyl ether of an anhydride of an isomer of sorbitol, usedfor better skin penetration of the Hydrocortisone Acetate.

Procedure:

The 30 plastic weigh boats were labeled and accurately weighed on anO'Haus EP114 analytical balance. Samples of the Control Formula ScarGel” were spread out in a thin film on ten plastic weigh boats and theinitial weights recorded (T=0). The samples were placed into the LunaireEnvironmental Chamber set at 35° C. then removed and weighed at 5, 10,40, 60, 180, 240, 300 and 1440 minute intervals. The process wasrepeated for the “30 SPF Sunscreen Silicone Scar Gel” and the “1%Hydrocortisone Acetate Silicone Scar Gel”. The results of thecomparative study are listed below in TABLE 1—Control Formula Scar GelEvaporation Study Results; TABLE 2—30 SPF Sunscreen Silicone GelEvaporation Study Results and TABLE 3—1% Hydrocortisone acetate SiliconeGel Evaporation Study Results. The data from each table has beentabulated and displayed graphically in FIG. 1.

Equipment Used:

-   (30) 5.25″×3.50″×1.0″ plastic weigh boats-   (1) Calibrated O'Haus EP114 Explorer Pro analytical balance-   (1) Lunaire Environmental Chamber Model #GEO932M-4 set at 35° C.

Results

TABLE 1 Control Formula Scar Gel Evaporation Study Results Empty WeighWeight at Weight at Weight at Weight at Weight at Weight at Weight atWeight at Weight at Boat T = 0 T = 5 T = 10 T = 40 T = 60 T = 180 T =240 T = 300 T = 1440 (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) KCG Sample1 3.1621 3.3948 3.3888 3.3863 3.3786 3.3723 3.2731 3.2722 3.2722 3.2715KCG Sample 2 3.2660 3.3410 3.3385 3.3358 3.3286 3.3278 3.3075 3.30523.3031 3.3015 KCG Sample 3 3.5625 3.6590 3.6570 3.6555 3.6472 3.64303.6074 3.6067 3.6067 3.6067 KCG Sample 4 3.4816 3.5715 3.5669 3.56213.5523 3.5500 3.5213 3.5200 3.5198 3.5201 KCG Sample 5 3.5648 3.66703.6596 3.6549 3.6450 3.6412 3.6140 3.6140 3.6132 3.6121 KCG Sample 63.5218 3.6102 3.6050 3.5910 3.5660 3.5630 3.5600 3.5599 3.5558 3.5558KCG Sample 7 3.3741 3.4565 3.4500 3.4459 3.4308 3.4244 3.4101 3.40993.4098 3.4098 KCG Sample 8 3.4364 3.4865 3.4849 3.4828 3.4738 3.46883.4585 3.4580 3.4583 3.4568 KCG Sample 9 3.4109 3.4724 3.4698 3.46843.4585 3.4547 3.4391 3.4383 3.4382 3.4383 KCG Sample 10 3.4674 3.51533.5137 3.5113 3.5032 3.4953 3.4903 3.4888 3.4889 3.4888 Note: “T” equalsthe time interval, in minutes, at which the weights were determined.

TABLE 2 30 SPF Sunscreen Silicone Scar Gel Evaporation Study ResultsEmpty Weigh Weight at Weight at Weight at Weight at Weight at Weight atWeight at Weight at Weight at Boat T = 0 T = 5 T = 10 T = 40 T = 60 T =180 T = 240 T = 300 T = 1440 (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) SSGSample 1 3.3015 3.4060 3.4032 3.4035 3.3963 3.3931 3.3799 3.3799 3.37933.3760 SSG Sample 2 3.6727 3.7753 3.7735 3.7723 3.7651 3.7619 3.74773.7477 3.7474 3.7438 SSG Sample 3 2.9276 3.0600 3.0568 3.0574 3.04903.0449 3.0259 3.0256 3.0255 3.0215 SSG Sample 4 3.2265 3.3601 3.35713.3548 3.3453 3.3410 3.3224 3.3230 3.3230 3.3200 SSG Sample 5 3.27293.4094 3.4000 3.3956 3.3829 3.3796 3.3595 3.3598 3.3601 3.3599 SSGSample 6 3.3635 3.5084 3.5008 3.4980 3.4815 3.4768 3.4557 3.4500 3.44903.4700 SSG Sample 7 3.5379 3.6744 3.6721 3.6699 3.6617 3.6579 3.63963.6380 3.6373 3.6340 SSG Sample 8 3.7732 3.8523 3.8514 3.8498 3.84263.8399 3.8312 3.8307 3.8307 3.8275 SSG Sample 9 3.0460 3.1585 3.15673.1549 3.1472 3.1434 3.1301 3.1292 3.1292 3.1260 SSG Sample 10 2.95733.0348 3.0333 3.0318 3.0254 3.0221 3.0151 3.0142 3.0140 3.0100 Note: “T”equals the time interval, in minutes, at which the weights weredetermined.

TABLE 3 1% Hydrocortisone Acetate Silicone Scar Gel Evaporation StudyResults Empty Weigh Weight at Weight at Weight at Weight at Weight atWeight at Weight at Weight at Weight at Boat T = 0 T = 5 T = 10 T = 40 T= 60 T = 180 T = 240 T = 300 T = 1440 (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)(g) (g) HAG Sample 1 3.1592 3.3599 3.3561 3.3524 3.3365 3.3373 3.30893.2583 3.2580 3.2582 HAG Sample 2 3.3183 3.4122 3.4094 3.4063 3.39353.3874 3.3742 3.3688 3.3642 3.3639 HAG Sample 3 3.4812 3.5898 3.58603.5827 3.5672 3.5611 3.5361 3.5380 3.5380 3.5353 HAG Sample 4 3.54573.6612 3.6580 3.6559 3.6394 3.6318 3.6052 3.6058 3.6054 3.6032 HAGSample 5 3.4292 3.5117 3.5086 3.5071 3.4935 3.4881 3.4719 3.4742 3.47423.4751 HAG Sample 6 3.6278 3.7158 3.7118 3.7085 3.6952 3.6885 3.67123.6716 3.6723 3.6723 HAG Sample 7 3.5343 3.6615 3.6587 3.6554 3.64003.6314 3.6007 3.6030 3.6018 3.6002 HAG Sample 8 3.3502 3.4862 3.48203.4778 3.4624 3.4536 3.4204 3.4221 3.4204 3.4201 HAG Sample 9 3.57313.7100 3.7070 3.7048 3.6927 3.6831 3.6450 3.6450 3.6450 3.6449 HAGSample 10 3.4784 3.5971 3.5942 3.5890 3.5806 3.5707 3.5412 3.5430 3.54103.5392 Note: “T” equals the time interval, in minutes, at which theweights were determined.

Calculations

The Percent Weight Loss values were calculated as follows:

${\% \mspace{14mu} {Weight}\mspace{14mu} {Loss}} = {\frac{\begin{matrix}{( {{{{Wght}.\mspace{14mu} {at}}\mspace{14mu} T} = {0 - {{{Wght}.\mspace{14mu} {of}}\mspace{14mu} {Empty}\mspace{14mu} {Weigh}\mspace{14mu} {Boat}}}} ) -} \\( {{{{Wght}.\mspace{14mu} {at}}\mspace{14mu} T} = {n - {{{Wght}.{\mspace{11mu} \;}{of}}\mspace{14mu} {Empty}\mspace{14mu} {Weigh}\mspace{14mu} {Boat}}}} )\end{matrix}}{( {{{{Wght}.\mspace{14mu} {at}}\mspace{14mu} T} = {0 - {{{Wght}.\mspace{14mu} {of}}\mspace{14mu} {Empty}\mspace{14mu} {Weigh}\mspace{14mu} {Boat}}}} )} \times 100}$

Where n is the weight recorded at times of 5, 10, 40, 60, 180, 240, 300and 1440 minutes.

Example: The percent weight loss for “1% Hydrocortisone Acetate SiliconeGel at T=5 minutes would be determined accordingly.

${\% \mspace{14mu} {Weight}\mspace{14mu} {Loss}} = {{\frac{( {{3.3599\mspace{14mu} g} - {3.1592\mspace{14mu} g}} ) - ( {{3.3561\mspace{14mu} g} - {3.1592\mspace{14mu} g}} )}{( {{3.3599\mspace{14mu} g} - {3.1592\mspace{14mu} g}} )} \times 100} = {1.8934\%}}$

The Percent Weight Loss values were averaged for each of the threeproducts at the appropriate time interval (5, 10, 40, 60, 180, 240, 300and 1440) and displayed in graphically, see FIG. 1.

Conclusion

-   1. The Control Formula Scar Gel, the “30 SPF Sunscreen Silicone Scar    Gel” and the “1% Hydrocortisone Acetate Silicone Scar Gel” all    reached relatively stable dried weights at the 180 minute mark.

EXAMPLE 4 Experimental Details of the SPF Tests

-   Title: Evaluation of the Static Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of a    Sunscreen-Containing Formula-   Objective: To measure the Static SPF of an over-the-counter (OTC)    sunscreen-containing formula and the 8% Homosalate Standard (HMS) in    human volunteers according to the FDA Final Monograph-   Test Product: Test Formulation—Expected SPF 30-   Study Design: Non-randomized, with blinded evaluations-   Results: Five subjects completed the test. The mean SPF of the test    product, Test Formulation, was 33.1 (n=5, SD=2.0). The test product    would be likely to meet FDA Final Monograph requirements for    labeling as Static SPF 30+.¹-   Adverse Experiences: No Adverse Experiences were reported

Summary:

On the first day of the study each subject received a series of UV dosesfrom a xenon arc solar simulator to an unprotected site on the mid-back.On the second day the minimal erythema dose (MED) was determined as thelowest UV dose which produced mild erythema reaching the borders of theexposure site. Then 100 mg of the test product and 100 mg of the HMSstandard were applied to separate, adjacent 50 cm2 areas of the mid-back(8% Homosalate (HMS) Standard provided by Cosmetech Laboratories, Inc.,Fairfield, N.J.).

The test product had an expected SPF of 30 and the HMS standardsunscreen had an expected SPF of 4. After a 15-minute drying period UVdoses ranging from 0.76 to 1.32 times the product of the MED and 30 wereadministered to the test sunscreen-protected area. UV doses ranging from0.64 to 1.56 times the product of the MED and 4 were administered to theHMS standard sunscreen-protected area. A series of UV doses were alsoadministered to a second unprotected site. On the third day the MED wasdetermined for the sunscreen-protected sites and the unprotected site.The SPF of each sunscreen was calculated as the ratio of the MED foreach sunscreen-protected site to the final MED.

Detailed procedures for determining the Static Sun Protection Factoraccording to the FDA Sunscreen Monograph1 are described in the PROTOCOL.

Details of calibrations for Lamps 1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 13 and 14 are shown inthe LAMP CALIBRATIONS.

According to the FDA Final Monograph1, the labeled SPF must becalculated as follows:

Labeled SPF=Mean SPF Value−A

Rounded down to the nearest whole number

For SPF values >31, the test product may be labeled as SPF 30+

Where A=ts/sqrt(n) and represents the 95% confidence interval.

t=upper 5% of student's t distribution

s=Standard Deviation

n=Number of Subjects

For the panel to be valid, the SPF of the HMS standard sunscreen mustfall within the standard deviation range of the expected SPF (i.e.4.47±1.279) and the 95% confidence interval for the mean SPF of the HMSstandard sunscreen must contain the value 4.

Results:

Five subjects, 2 men and 3 women, who provided written, informedconsent, completed the study. Subjects who completed all proceduresincluded 2 with skin type I, 2 with skin type II and 1 with skin typeIII.1 Ages ranged from 21 to 38 years and the mean age was 30.4 (n=5,SD=7.1). Subject demographic and static SPF results are listed in Table1.

The mean static SPF of the test product, Test Formulation, was 33.1(n=5, SD=2.0). The mean SPF of the HMS standard was 4.4 (n=5, SD=0.4).

Protocol Deviation:

Protocol Deviations were reported for Subject 04. The Repeat MED andFinal SPF evaluations were performed outside of the 22 to 24 hour timeframe (21:50 and 21:54 respectively). This Protocol Deviation did notaffect study results.

Enrollment:

Subject 03 was disqualified during Day 1 procedures for a prohibitedmedication and Subjects 05 and 06 were disqualified due to proceduralerror. Data for these subjects were not included in this report.

TABLE 1 Subject Demographic and Static SPF Data for Test Formulation andHMS Standard SRL2008-105: Formulated Solutions, LLC HMS Test HMS SubjectSRL Skin Final MED Formulation Standard #* ID# Age Sex Type Lamp (sec)SPF SPF 01 1792 21 F I 8 10 34.50 4.40 02 1702 27 F II 2 10 32.10 4.0004 373 38 M II 10 10 30.00 4.40 07 1803 29 M III 1 13 34.54 4.38 08 89537 F I 2 8 34.50 5.00 Mean = 30.4 Mean = 33.1 Mean = 4.4 SD = 7.1 SD =2.0 SD = 0.4 n = 5 n = 5 n = 5

Subject 03 disqualified—prohibited med

Subject 05 disqualified—procedural error

Subject 06 disqualified—procedural error

Conclusion:

The test product, Reference Test Formulation, would be likely to meetthe FDA Final Monograph requirements for labeling as Static SPF 30+.¹

References:

1. U. S. Food and Drug Administration. Sunscreen Drug Products forOver-the-Counter Human Use; Final Monograph; 21CRF Parts 310, 352, 700and 740. Federal Register 64 (98) May 21, 1999. pp. 27666-27693

Protocol

-   Objective: To measure the static sun protection factor (SPF) of an    over-the-counter (OTC) sunscreen-containing formula according to the    FDA Final Monograph¹-   Test Product: Expected SPF 30-   Study Design: Non-randomized, with blinded evaluations-   Subjects: Five qualified male and/or female volunteers with the skin    types I, II and/or III1 will be completed for the test product. With    permission from the Sponsor, up to 20 additional subjects may be    enrolled to complete requirements for FDA Final Monograph testing.¹

Introduction:

The FDA Final Monograph1 describes the procedures for determining theStatic sun protection factor. The Static SPF is defined by the ratio ofthe minimal erythema dose of ultraviolet radiation forsunscreen-protected skin to that for unprotected skin. The minimalerythema dose (MED) is the dose of ultraviolet (UV) radiation thatproduces mild erythema (sunburn) with clearly defined borders, 22 to 24hours after administration. Timed UV radiation doses were administeredusing a xenon arc lamp that simulated solar radiation. The technicianmonitored the output of the solar simulator using a calibratedradiometer to insure that the erythemally effective irradiance wasconstant. Readings of erythemally effective irradiance were recorded.

Objective:

The objective of this test was to measure the Static SPF of anover-the-counter (OTC) sunscreen-containing formula according to the FDAFinal Monograph¹.

Design:

This was a non-randomized study with blinded evaluations.

Subjects:

Subjects included up to 25 healthy male and female volunteers completedper product with skin types I, II and/or III¹ (See below).

Erythema and Tanning Reactions to Skin Type First Sun Exposure inSprinq* I Always burns easily; never tans II Always burns easily; tansminimally III Burns moderately; tans gradually IV Burns minimally;always tans well *Subject-reported responses to 1 hour of summer sunexposure

Subjects reported any OTC or prescription medication used within theweek before and during study participation. Subjects also satisfied thefollowing criteria:

Inclusion Criteria:

-   -   At least 18 years old, providing legally effective, written        informed consent    -   Willing and able to keep study appointments and follow        instructions    -   Good general health    -   Willing to avoid sun and tanning lamp exposure during the study

Exclusion Criteria:

-   -   History of abnormal response to UV radiation or sensitivity to        any ingredient of the test products    -   Sunburn, suntan, active dermal lesions, uneven skin tones or any        condition such as nevi, blemishes or moles that might interfere        with study procedures    -   Use of any medication that might affect study results, e.g.        photosensitizers, antihistamines, analgesics or        anti-inflammatory drugs    -   Pregnancy, nursing or any condition that might increase the risk        of study participation    -   Tanning bed or tanning lamp exposure in the last 3 months

Study Procedures:

All procedures (product application, UV doses and evaluations) wereperformed with the subjects in the same position.

Day 1: Subject Enrollment

Prospective subjects reported to the testing laboratory and received acomplete explanation of study procedures. If they desired to participateand agreed to the conditions of the study, subjects signed a written,witnessed consent form and a permission to release personal healthinformation form, and provided a brief medical history. The back,between the belt-line and shoulder blades, were examined for uneven skintones and blemishes, using a Woods lamp. The technician completed theSubject History Form and qualified subjects were enrolled in the study.Subject numbers were assigned in the order of study enrollment.

MED Dose Administration

A timed series of 5 UV doses, increasing in 25 percent increments, wereadministered to the mid-back, just below the shoulder blades and abovethe belt-line. UV doses for the MED, the time doses were completed andlamp readings were recorded on the MED form.

Subjects were instructed to avoid UV exposure, photosensitizers,analgesics, antihistamines and anti-inflammatory medications and toreturn to the testing laboratory 22 to 24 hours after completion of UVdoses.

Day 2: MED Determination

Subjects returned to the testing laboratory within 22 to 24 hours aftercompletion of MED doses for evaluation of responses and were questionednon-directively to assess compliance, to identify concomitantmedications and to monitor for adverse experiences. A trained evaluatorgraded responses of the UV exposed sites, under warm fluorescent ortungsten illumination of 450 to 550 lux, using the grading scale shownin Table 1.

TABLE 1 Grading Scale for Erythema Responses to UV Doses Administered toUntreated Sites and Sunscreen Treated Sites 0 No erythemal response 1Minimally perceptible erythema 2 Mild erythema with clearly definedborders 3 Moderate erythema with sharp borders* 4 Dark red erythema withsharp borders* 5 Dark red erythema with sharp borders and possibleedema* 6 Intense erythema with sharp borders and edema* *If moderate,dark red or intense erythema did not reach borders of exposed site, anexplanation was to be provided in the comments section of evaluationforms

The MED was determined as the first exposure site in the series thatproduces an erythema grade of at least 2 (Mild erythema with clearlydefined borders). The progression of erythema grades was to beconsistent with the UV doses administered.

If there were pronounced tanning responses, the subject was to beconsidered likely Type IV and not qualified for the study. In this casethe subject was to be dropped from the study and replaced. Grades foreach UV-exposed site, any comments and the evaluation time wererecorded.

If required for practical scheduling, the subject was permitted to leavethe testing laboratory at this point and return within one week forcompletion of Day 2 procedures.

Application of Products for SPF Determination

If the study participation of the subject has been interrupted, thesubject was to be questioned non-directively to assess compliance,identify concomitant medications and monitor for adverse experiences.

The study technician drew 50 cm² rectangles in the designated locationson the subject's back between the belt-line and shoulder blades using atemplate and an indelible marker. The technician then applied 100 mg oftest product in its designated rectangle and 100 mg of the HMS standardin an adjacent rectangle. The sunscreens were applied by “spotting” thematerial across the area and gently spreading, using a finger cot, untila uniform film is applied to the entire area.

The technician documented product formula designations, test sitelocations and application time.

UV Doses for Static SPF Determinations

After at least 15 minutes, the technician administered a series of 7progressively increasing, timed UV doses to the sites treated with thetest products. The dose series was determined by the product of theexpected SPF of each test product, the subject's MED and the followingnumber:

Multiple of Subject's MED and Expected SPF (SPF > 15) 0.76 0.87 0.931.00 1.07 1.15 1.32

The technician documented UV doses, times completed and lamp effectiveirradiance readings for each test product.

UV Doses for the HMS Standard

At least 15 minutes after the application of the HMS standard, thetechnician administered 7 progressively increasing timed UV doses to theHMS standard site. The dose series was determined by the product of theHMS standard SPF (4), the subject MED and the following numbers:

Multiple of Subject MED and HMS Standard (SPF = 4) 0.64 0.80 0.90 1.001.10 1.25 1.56

The technician documented the UV doses for the HMS standard, timecompleted and the lamp effective irradiance reading.

UV Doses for Repeat MED Determination

The technician administered a timed series of 5 UV doses, increasing by25 percent increments, to an unprotected area of the mid-back. Theseries of 5 doses included the original MED in the center as follows:

Multiple of Original MED 0.64 0.80 1.00 1.25 1.56

UV doses for the repeat MED, time completed and the lamp effectiveirradiance were recorded.

The technician instructed subjects to return to the testing laboratoryfor evaluation within 22 to 24 hours after completion of the UV dosesfor the static SPF, HMS standard SPF and the repeat MED.

Day 3: Evaluation of Responses to UV Doses for Static SPF and Repeat MED

Subjects returned to the testing laboratory and were questionednon-directively to assess compliance, to identify concomitantmedications and to monitor for adverse experiences. A trained evaluator,who did not participate in product applications or administration of UVdoses graded all sites that received UV doses, using the scale shown inTable 1. The technician who applied the test product and administeredthe UV doses was permitted to assist the evaluator, but the techniciannot permitted to influence the evaluator in the grading of UV responses.Grades of the responses of all sunscreen-treated sites were recorded.

SPF Computation:

The technician determined the repeat MED as above and computed the SPFvalues for each subject.

The final MED was to be the repeat MED, unless the repeat MED could notbe determined. In that case the initial MED would be used as the finalMED.

SPF values were calculated as the ratio of the MED forsunscreen-protected sites to the final MED.

The labeled SPF were calculated as follows, based on 20 subjects:

Mean SPF Value−A

(rounded down to nearest whole number)

Where A=ts/sqrt(n)

t=upper 5% of student's t distribution

s=Standard Deviation

n=Number of Subjects

For the panel to be valid the SPF of the HMS standard sunscreen mustfall within the standard deviation range of the expected SPF (i.e.4.47±1.279) and the 95% confidence interval for the mean SPF of the HMSstandard sunscreen must contain the value 4.

Adverse Experiences:

Any adverse experiences were to be documented in the subject file andimmediate medical attention obtained if appropriate. Any serious adverseexperience defined as life-threatening or requiring emergency measureswas to be reported to the sponsor within 24 hours. All adverseexperiences were to be reported to the sponsor.

Replacement of Subjects:

Any subject disqualified due to non-compliance or adverse experience wasto be replaced. Subjects whose data did not permit successfulcomputation of SPF values were to be replaced.

Reference:

1. U. S. Food and Drug Administration. Sunscreen Drug Products forOver-the-Counter Human Use; Final Monograph; 21CRF Parts 310, 352, 700and 740. Federal Register 64 (98) May 21, 1999. pp. 27666-27693

LAMP CALIBRATIONS Apr. 17, 2008 Calibration of Lamps 1, 2, 7, 8, 10 and14 (Calibration Date) Lamp 1 S/N Lamp 2 S/N Lamp 7 S/N Lamp 8 S/N Lamp10 S/N Lamp 14 S/N 4533 Filter 4534 Filter 9533 Filter 9560 Filter 9655Filter 11476 Filter 010806 Bulb 05144 Bulb 080105 Bulb 121805 Bulb081806C Bulb 07072-2 Bulb Requirements 322470 322474 323771 323769323774 323006 Colipa 2006 FDA 2007 Range (nm) (Jan. 19, 2008) (Apr. 07,2008) (Apr, 16, 2008) (Apr. 16, 2008) (Apr. 14, 2008) (Dec. 9, 2007) [1]% [2] % Relative % contribution to erythemal effectiveness <290 0.010.00 0.087% 0.012% 0.019% 0.01   <0.1 <0.1 290-300 5.8 4.7 6.7% 6.5%4.7% 7.1  1.0-8.O 46.0-67.0 290-310 60.6 56.5 61.8% 60.4% 56.7% 62.749.0-65.0 29D-320  89.2 86.3 89.3% 87.5% 86.8% 89.0 85.0-90.0 80.0-91.0290-330 94.3 92.1 94.1% 93.1% 92.5% 93.9 91.5-95.5 86.5-95.5 290-34096.3 94.5 96.0% 95.6% 94.8% 95.8 94.0-97-0 90.5-97.0 290-350 97.7 96.597.4% 97.4% 96.7% 97.4 — 93.5-98.6 290-400 100.0 100.0 99.9% 100.0%100.0% 100.0 99.9-100   93.5-100.0 Ratios (%) UVAII/UV 26.5 23.3 25.330.2% 25.3 24.6 ≧20 — UVAI/UV 62.0 68.0 64.6 60.9% 64.6 65.4 ≧60 —Absolute Values Total Power 98 111 96 128 138 147 <150  <150    (mw/cm²)

We claim:
 1. A method for preparing a spreadable composition for topicalapplication comprising: (a) providing a volatile component, a volatilecoagent, and an active component; and (b) mixing the volatile component,the volatile coagent, and the active component with siloxane matrixprecursors thereby forming the spreadable preparation; wherein: (i) thevolatile component being present in the composition at a concentrationranging from 12 wt % to 45 wt % of the overall composition; (ii) thesiloxane matrix precursors having dimethicone and dimethicone crosspolymers and ranging from 25 wt % to 60 wt % of the overall composition;(iii) an active component comprising a corticosteroid or an agent havingsun screening activity; and (iv) the volatile coagent being present inthe composition at a concentration ranging from 5 wt % to 50 wt % of theoverall composition.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the volatilecomponent comprises a cyclic siloxane.
 3. The method of claim 1, whereinthe volatile component is cyclopentasiloxane.
 4. The method of claim 1,wherein the active component comprises hydrocortisone or an agent havingsun screening activity, the agent having sun screening activitycomprising octinoxate (ISP escalol 557) and octisalate (ISP escalol587).
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the active component is an agenthaving sun screening activity, the agent having sun screening activitycomprising at least three agents selected from the group consisting ofoctinoxate (ISP escalol 557), octisalate (ISP escalol 587), octocrylene(ISP escalol 597), and oxybenzone (ISP escalol 567).
 6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the active component is hydrocortisone acetate at aconcentration ranging from 0.5 wt % to 3 wt % of the overallcomposition.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the volatile coagentincludes at least one selected from the group consisting of dimethylisosorbide, isopropyl myristate, pentylene glycol, and isopropylmyristate.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the siloxane matrixprecursors further comprise fumed silica.
 9. A composition for topicalapplication, the composition comprising: a) a volatile component havinga cyclic siloxane and being present in the composition at aconcentration ranging from 12 wt % to 45 wt % of the overallcomposition; b) siloxane matrix precursors; c) an active component; andd) a volatile coagent, wherein: the active component includes a steroidor an agent having sun screening activity, and the siloxane matrixprecursors are capable of polymerization to form a siloxane matrix. 10.The composition of claim 9, wherein the volatile component comprisescyclopentasiloxane.
 11. The composition of claim 9, wherein the siloxanematrix precursors comprise from 25 wt % to 60 wt % of the overallcomposition.
 12. The composition of claim 9, wherein the silioxanematrix precursors comprise dimethicone and dimethicone crosspolymer. 13.The composition of claim 9, wherein the siloxane matrix precursorscomprise dimethicone crosspolymer and fumed silica.
 14. The compositionof claim 11, wherein the siloxane matrix precursors comprisedimethicone, dimethicone crosspolymer, and fumed silica.
 15. Thecomposition of claim 9, wherein the active component comprises acorticosteroid or an agent having sun screening activity, the agenthaving sun screening activity comprising octinoxate (ISP escalol 557)and octisalate (ISP escalol 587).
 16. The composition of claim 9,wherein the active component is an agent having sun screening activity,the agent having sun screening activity comprising at least three agentsselected from the group consisting of octinoxate (ISP escalol 557),octisalate (ISP escalol 587), octocrylene (ISP escalol 597), andoxybenzone (ISP escalol 567).
 17. The composition of claim 9, whereinthe active component is hydrocortisone acetate at a concentrationranging from 0.5 wt % to 3 wt % of the overall composition.
 18. Thecomposition of claim 9, wherein the volatile coagent comprises from 5 wt% to 50 wt % of the overall composition.
 19. The composition of claim14, wherein the volatile coagent comprises 10 wt % to 25 wt % of theoverall composition.
 20. The composition of claim 8, wherein thevolatile coagent includes at least one selected from the groupconsisting of dimethyl isosorbide, isopropyl myristate, pentyleneglycol, and isopropyl myristate.